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Arguing Across the Disciplines A Rhetoric and Reader

by: Hirschberg, Stuart; Hirschberg, Terry

Arguing Across the Disciplines A Rhetoric and Reader

by: Hirschberg, Stuart; Hirschberg, Terry

ISBN 13:
9780321419255
ISBN 10:
0321419251
Edition: 1st
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 08/17/2019
Publisher: Pearson

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Summary

Arguing Across the Disciplinesis the only text of its kind, combining instruction in argumentation with writing across the disciplines through discussion of a diverse selection of classic and contemporary arguments in a wide range of disciplines. Combines instruction on argument and writing across the disciplines. Arguments found in Liberal Arts, Social Sciences, and Natural Sciences. General Interest

Rhetorical Contents

xvii

Contents by the Kind of Claim

xix

Contents by Theme and Subject

xxi

Preface

xxiii

PART 1

1 Reading and Responding to Arguments

The Nature of Argument

Rhetoric and Persuasion

Critical Reading for Ideas and Organization

Identifying a Thesis

Responding to What You Read

Marking as You Read

Distinguishing Between Fact and Opinion

A Sample Essay for Student Annotation

EDWARD T. HALL

"Hidden Culture" (Anthropology)

Keeping a Reading Journal

Turning Annotations into Journal Entries

Summarizing

Using Your Reading Journal to Generate Ideas for Writing

Three Short Arguments for Critical Reading (in the Liberal Arts, Social Sciences, and Sciences)

ROGER EBERT

"Great Movies" (Film Criticism)

ERIC SCHLOSSER

"Kid Kustomers" (Marketing)

LOREN EISELEY

"How Flowers Changed the World" (Botany)

2 Strategies for Arguing

Introduction to the Toulmin Model

Kinds of Claims

The Goals of Claims

Factual Claims Define and Draw Distinctions

Causal Claims Identify Possible Causes for a Given Effect or Possible Effects for a Given Cause

Value Claims Make Value Judgments

Policy Claims Make Recommendations

Definition

Purposes and Uses of Definition

Methods of Defining Terms

JAMES BALDWIN

"If Black English Isn't a Language, Then Tell Me What Is?"

3 Supporting Arguments

Using Evidence

Testimony of Experts

Examples Drawn from Personal Experiences

Hypothetical Cases (Scenarios and "What If" Situations)

Analogies

Statistics

Understanding Warrants

Underlying Assumptions

Evaluating Types of Warrants

Types of Warrants

Considering the Audience

105

The Rogerian Method

106

The Toulmin Model

109

4 Arguing in the Disciplines

115

Inquiry in the Liberal Arts, Social Sciences, and Sciences

116

Arguing in the Arts

121

Arguing in Ethics

124

Arguing in History

126

Arguing in the Social Sciences

127

Arguing in the Law

129

Arguing in Business

131

Arguing in the Sciences

133

Three Short Arguments for Analysis

136

KENNETH M. STAMPP

"To Make Them Stand in Fear" (History)

136

JOHN M. DARLEY AND BIBB LATANÉ

"Why People Don't Help in a Crisis" (Social Psychology)

140

ARTHUR D. HASLER AND JAMES A. LARSEN

"The Homing Salmon" (Ichthyology)

145

5 Reasoning in Inductive and Deductive Arguments

152

Methods of Reasoning

152

Inductive Reasoning

152

By Means of Causal Generalization, Sampling, and Analogy

154

Deductive Reasoning

160

Logical Fallacies

165

Fallacies That Result When No Real Evidence Is Presented to Support the Claim

165

Fallacies That Result When the Evidence Is Not Relevant to the Claim

165

Fallacies That Result When Insufficient Evidence Is Offered to Support a Claim

166

Fallacies That Result from Unwarranted Assumptions

167

A Sample Inductive Argument for Analysis

168

GARRETT HARDIN

"Lifeboat Ethics: The Case Against Helping the Poor" (Ethics)

168

A Sample Deductive Argument for Analysis

178

MILTON FRIEDMAN

"The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits" (Economics)

178

6 The Role of Language in Argument

186

Tone

186

Irony

188

Satire

190

An Essay for Analysis

192

MARK TWAIN

"The Lowest Animal" (Literature)

192

Language and Persuasion

198

Language Shapes Thought

198

Emotionally Charged Language

198

Connotations of Words

199

Euphemisms

200

Slanting

202

Labels That Stereotype

202

Sexist, Racist, and Agist Language

204

Words That Create Images

206

Clichés

208

Slang

208

Abstract and Concrete Language

209

Jargon

211

The Ethical Dimension of Persuasion

212

Propaganda: The Language of Doublespeak

212

Intensifying and Downplaying: Strategies for Persuasion

213

Two Short Arguments for Analysis

217

CHARLES SEVILLA

"The Case of the Non-Unanimous Jury" (Law)

217

ROBERT E. JONES

"Justice Can Be Served Despite Dissenting Votes" (Law)

220

7 Writing and Refuting Arguments

223

Prewriting

223

Selecting an Issue

223

Topics for Possible Papers in the Liberal Arts, Social Sciences, and Sciences

224

Invention Strategies

227

Freewriting

227

The Five W's

228

Discovering Different Perspectives

229

Mapping

230

Writing a Dialogue

231

Arriving at a Thesis: Claims of Fact, Causation, Value, and Policy

231

Making Up an Outline: Supporting Your Claim

235

Writing the Introduction

236

Writing the Middle of the Essay According to the Type of Argument

237

Writing the Conclusion

238

Audience

240

Writing the First Draft

243

Revising and Rewriting Your Essay

244

Analyzing Someone Else's Argument

246

Gain an Overview

246

Read the Text for Basic Meaning and Organization

247

Reread the Text and Analyze the Rhetorical Situation

247

How to Analyze an Argument

248

Does the Argument Acknowledge Other Points of View?

248

Text Annotations

249

Sample Annotated Essay

250

JUDITH ORTIZ COFER

"The Myth of the Latin Woman: I Just Met a Girl Named Maria" (Cultural Anthropology)

250

Identifying Your Thesis

257

Providing Evidence by Paraphrasing or Quoting

258

Writing from a Single Source: Sample Student Essay

260

Refuting Arguments

264

Analyzing an Argument and Inventing Your Own

265

An Argument with a Student's Refutation

267

ESTHER VILAR

"The Business World as a Hunting Ground" (Cultural Anthropology)

268

A Student's Refutation of Vilar's Essay, "Are Men Really the Slaves of Women?"

272

8 Reading and Analyzing Visual Texts

277

Elements of Design

278

Analyzing a Web Site

281

Using Tables, Graphs, and Charts to Present Information Through Visual Means

282

Reading Images as Cultural Signs

286

Analyzing an Advertisement

287

The Paper Clip Project

288

The Rhetoric of Advertising

290

The Techniques of Advertising

290

Emotional Appeals Used in Advertising

292

The Language of Advertising

294

9 Writing an Argument from Sources

299

Finding a Question to Answer

299

Using the Library

301

Using the Online Catalog

302

Using Periodical Indexes

303

Using Book Reviews

303

Using Newspaper Indexes

305

Using Abstracts

305

Using Field Research—Interviews

305

Using Databases

306

Evaluating Source Material

308

Drawing Up a Working Bibliography

308

The Dangers of Undocumented Sources

310

Note-Taking Procedures

311

Using Your Notes to Create an Outline

311

The Preliminary Thesis Statement

312

Discovering Your Own Position

312

Creating the Rough Draft

313

Revising the Rough Draft into a Final Draft

314

Using the MLA, APA, and CSE Styles to Document the Manuscript

315

The MLA Style of In-Text Citation

315

Documenting Sources in the MLA "Works Cited" Format

319

Sample Annotated Student Research Paper in MLA Style

324

The APA Style of In-Text Citation

332

Preparing a List of References in the APA Format

333

Sample Annotated Student Research Paper in APA Style

336

The CSE Style of In-Text Citation

345

Documenting Sources in the CSE Style

345

Sample Annotated Student Research Paper in CSE Style

346

PART 2

357

Liberal Arts

Art and Architecture

357

RICHARD KELLER SIMON

"The Shopping Mall and the Formal Garden"

357

The shopping mall incorporates many garden designs of the past to create a self-enclosed world devoted to consuming.

Ethics and Bioethics

362

HANS RUESCH

"Slaughter of the Innocent"

362

Vivisection is not only cruel to the animal subjects, and immoral, but produces results that when applied to humans have proved lethal.

PHILIP WHEELWRIGHT

"The Meaning of Ethics"

369

A philosopher explains how the constraints of ethics can provide a powerful tool for evaluating and resolving complex moral dilemmas in everyday life.

History

388

FRED KAPLAN

"The End of History"

376

The short-lived nature of electronic documents challenges the notion of a permanent historical record.

Journalism

379

LANCE MORROW

"Imprisoning Time in a Rectangle"

379

Photojournalists can go beyond simply recording events and shape how we view history.

Language and Linguistics

383

HELEN KELLER

"The Day Language Came into My Life"

383

The author's experiences demonstrate that language is the indispensable key in being able to correlate events, objects, and emotions, and to relate to others.

Literature

386

URSULA LE GUIN

"American SF and The Other"

386

Science fiction not only stereotypes women but portrays the social, cultural, and racial "other" as alien.

Music

390

AARON COPLAND

"Film Music"

390

A composer argues that film scores play an important role in enhancing the visual effects of the movie.

Philosophy and Religion

396

JEAN-PAUL SARTRE

"Existentialism"

396

Belief in a universe in which God does not exist entails accepting responsibility for one's choices.

Social Science

402

American Studies

402

PHILIP SLATER

"Want-Creation Fuels Americans' Addictiveness"

402

The emphasis on success and quick solutions in American culture are the root causes of rampant drug use.

Business and Marketing

407

ROBERT F. HARTLEY

"The Edsel: Marketing, Planning and Research Gone Awry"

407

The author analyzes the classic marketing mistake of the twentieth century.

Communication

420

NEIL POSTMAN AND STEVE POWERS

"The Bias of Language, The Bias of Pictures"

420

Glitzy entertainment trumps real news in determining what gets covered on television newscasts.

Cultural Anthropology

427

HAROLD MINER

"Body Rituals Among the Nacirema"

427

The bizarre rituals of a little-known tribe reveal an obsession with daily hygiene supplemented by frequent visits to health care professionals.

Economics

433

THOMAS ROBERT MALTHUS

"The Principle of Population"

433

A perfect society is an illusion since population growth will always exceed the available food supply.

Education

437

NAT HENTOFF

"'Speech Codes' on the Campus and Problems of Free Speech"

437

The author argues that campus speech codes are incompatible with the First Amendment's guarantee of free speech.

Political Science

444

DANIELA DEANE

"The Little Emperors"

444

A generation of overfed, spoiled boys who will be unable to find wives is one of the unanticipated results of China's mandatory one-child policy.

MARTIN LUTHER KING JR.

"I Have a Dream"

455

A leader of the civil rights movement uses a variety of rhetorical strategies to argue for the acceptance of his dream of freedom and equality for all Americans.

Psychology

459

STANLEY MILGRAM

"The Perils of Obedience"

459

The veneer of authority was sufficient justification for some subjects to inflict painful shocks on others in this classic experiment.

PHILIP G. ZIMBARDO

"The Stanford Prison Experiment"

473

Student volunteers overly identified with their roles as warden or prisoner in this experiment that had to be brought to an early halt.

Sociology

487

GLORIA STEINEM

"The Time Factor"

487

The founder of Ms. magazine explains how social class, gender, and race affect our ability to plan for the future.

Science

490

Biology

490

CHARLES DARWIN

from The Origin of the Species

490

The author replies to objections that the fossil record fails to show the full range of intermediary forms that his theory postulates.

ROBERT SAPOLSKY

"Bugs in the Brain"

501

The rabies virus surprisingly can deactivate a rat's instinctive fear of cats and thus can be ingested into the only species in which it can replicate itself.

ERIC SCIGLIANO

"Through the Eye of an Octopus"

505

Observation of the octopus, a big-brained invertebrate that displays cognitive traits, challenges the idea that intelligence evolved from fish to amphibians to primates.

Ecology and Environmental Studies

513

ELIZABETH KOLBERT

"Shishmaref, Alaska"

513

An up-to-the-minute report from the Arctic should alarm us about irreversible climate changes due to the buildup of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

JOSEPH K. SKINNER

"Big Mac and the Tropical Forests"

519

The destruction of tropical forests for cattle ranching to produce beef for fast-food chains is an environmental catastrophe.

Engineering

526

DONALD A. NORMAN

"Emotional Robots"

526

A professor of computer science and psychology foresees the day when robots will serve human needs in the home.

Epidemiology

531

GINA KOLATA

"An Incident in Hong Kong"

531

A recurrence of the 1918 influenza pandemic is inevitable given the state of animal-breeding locations and food markets in southern China and Hong Kong.

Genetics and Bioengineering

537

CAROL GRUNEWALD

"Monsters of the Brave New World"

537

The ability of scientists to create hybrid species raises questions about whether corporations should be able to invent and own new life forms.

Medicine

543

GEORGE E. VAILLANT

"We Should Retain the Disease Concept of Alcoholism"

543

A physician maintains that genes rather than character traits predispose certain people to become and remain alcoholics.

Oceanography

547

THOR HEYERDAHL

"How to Kill an Ocean"

547

The author's many voyages reveal how vulnerable the seemingly boundless ocean is to pollution.

Physics

557

CHARLES H. TOWNES

"Harnessing Light"

557

The Nobel prize–winning inventor of the laser discusses the research process that led to an invention that changed our world.

Zoology

562

DONALD R. GRIFFIN

"Wordy Apes"

562

A professor of animal behavior views evidence that the use of symbols and tokens by chimpanzees shows that primates possess the ability to communicate.

GUNJA SINHA

"You Dirty Vole"

570

The study of monogamy and promiscuity in voles can help us understand similar behavior in human beings.

Glossary

577

Credits

581

Index

587

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Arguing Across the Disciplines A Rhetoric and Reader

Arguing Across the Disciplines A Rhetoric and Reader

9780321419255

0321419251

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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