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Archetypes of Wisdom : An Introduction to Philosophy

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ISBN: 9780534524432 | 0534524435
Edition: 3rd
Format: Paperback
Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing
Pub. Date: 8/22/1997

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SummaryTable of Contents
Intended for the Introduction to Philosophy course at primarily two- and four-year schools where the focus is on the use of a text as opposed to readings and where students have limited knowledge of philosophy.

Organized historically, this text successfully incorporates its theme of searching for wisdom using a story-telling approach that takes students from where they are in their own experience and draws them into the world of philosophy. Topics and selected passages touch upon fundamental human issues that are of concern to today's diverse group of students.

Chapter 1 PHILOSOPHY AND THE SEARCH FOR WISDOM
1(51)
Why Study Philosophy?
2(1)
... MORE
Philosophy in a Technological Age
3(6)
Timely Questions
5(2)
Timeless Questions
7(1)
Areas of Philosophy
8(1)
Philosophical Archetypes
9(5)
Are Philosophers Always Men?
12(2)
The Pursuit of Wisdom
14(1)
Knowledge, Belief, and Ignorance
14(4)
"Isn't It All Really Just a Matter of Opinion?"
16(2)
Wisdom and Knowledge
18(1)
Learning Wisdom
19(3)
The Pursuit of Wisdom Can Be Dangerous
20(2)
Summary of Main Points
22(1)
Study Questions
23(2)
Overview of Classical Themes
25(6)
Nature and Convention
27(1)
Contemporary Lessons from the Past
28(1)
The Search for Excellence
29(1)
The Search for Happiness
29(1)
Philosophy as a Way of Life
30(1)
First Interlude: The Presocratic Sophos
31(21)
Philo-Sophia: Strangeness and Wonder
33(2)
First Philosophers
35(1)
The Search for a Common Principle
35(3)
The Problem of Change
37(1)
Parmenides
38(3)
What Is Not, Is Not, and What Is, Is
38(1)
Being and Change
39(2)
The Pluralists
41(1)
Mind
42(2)
The Atomists
44(2)
Atoms and the Void
44(1)
Reason and Necessity
45(1)
Nature and Convention
45(1)
Heraclitus of Ephesus
46(4)
The Logos
46(1)
Appearance and Reality
47(1)
War and Strife
48(2)
From Sophos to Sophist
50(2)
Chapter 2 THE SOPHIST: PROTAGORAS
52(23)
The Advent of Professional Educators
55(1)
The Sophists
56(2)
Power and Education
57(1)
Relativism
58(2)
Protagoras the Pragmatist
60(7)
Moral Realism: Might Makes Right
67(1)
The Doctrine of the Superior Intellectual
68(2)
Commentary
70(2)
Summary of Main Points
72(1)
Study Questions
73(2)
Chapter 3 THE WISE MAN: SOCRATES
75(40)
The General Character of Socrates
77(9)
The Ugliest Man in Athens
78(2)
Barefoot in Athens
80(2)
A Most Unusual Father and Husband
82(1)
The Archetypal Individual
83(3)
The Teacher and His Teachings
86(3)
The Dialectic
86(1)
Socratic Irony
87(2)
Dialectic in Action: Socrates versus Thrasymachus
89(6)
Thrasymachus's Moral Realism
90(1)
Encounter with a Sophos
91(4)
The Unexamined Life
95(5)
Socratic Ignorance
96(2)
The Power of Human Wisdom
98(2)
The Physician of the Soul
100(6)
No One Knowingly Does Evil
101(1)
Virtue Is Wisdom
102(2)
All Evil Is Ignorance
104(2)
The Trial and Death of Socrates
106(5)
The Death of Socrates
108(3)
Commentary
111(2)
Summary of Main Points
113(1)
Study Questions
114(1)
Chapter 4 THE PHILOSPHER-KING: PLATO
115(40)
Plato's Life and Work
117(5)
The Aristocrat
118(2)
Plato's Disillusionment
120(2)
The Academy
122(1)
Plato's Epistemology
122(2)
Plato's Dualistic Solution
123(1)
Knowledge and Being
124(1)
The Theory of Forms
124(6)
What Are Forms?
125(2)
Why Did Plato Need the Forms?
127(1)
Knowledge and Opinion
128(1)
What Happens When People Disagree About Knowledge?
129(1)
The Divided Line
130(3)
Levels of Awareness
132(1)
The Simile of the Sun
133(2)
The Allegory of the Cave
135(3)
The Rule of the Wise
138(2)
The Republic
140(5)
The Search for Justice
141(1)
Function and Happiness
141(1)
The Ideal State
142(1)
The Parts of the Soul
143(1)
The Cardinal Virtues
144(1)
Societies and Individuals
145(6)
The Origin of Democracy
145(2)
The Pendulum of Imbalance
147(3)
The Tyranny of Excess
150(1)
Commentary
151(1)
Summary of Main Points
152(2)
Study Questions
154(1)
Chapter 5 THE NATURALIST: ARISTOTLE
155(58)
Works
157(1)
Aristotle's Life
157(2)
The Lyceum
159(1)
The Naturalist
160(1)
Natural Changes
161(4)
Form (Whatness)
162(1)
Matter (Thisness)
163(1)
Change
164(1)
Aristotle's Hierarchy of Whys
165(1)
The Four Causes
166(3)
Material Cause
166(1)
Formal Cause
167(1)
Efficient Cause
168(1)
Final Cause
168(1)
Entelechy
169(3)
Psyche
170(1)
The Hierarchy of Souls
170(2)
Natural Happiness
172(6)
The Good
172(1)
Teleological Thinking
173(1)
The Science of the Good
174(2)
Eudaimonia
176(1)
The Good Life Is a Process
177(1)
Hitting the Mark
178(5)
The Principle of the Mean
178(2)
Character and Habit
180(1)
Application of the Mean
181(2)
Contemporary Self-Realization
183(3)
Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
183(2)
Thomas Merton
185(1)
Commentary
186(1)
Summary of Main Points
187(1)
Study Questions
188(2)
Second Interlude: The Hedonist
190(23)
The Hedonistic Vision
192(3)
Cyrenaic Hedonism
195(4)
The Meaning of Life Is Pleasure
195(2)
Knowledge and Pleasure
197(1)
The Self Is Utterly Free
198(1)
Epicurus
199(3)
The Garden
200(1)
Epicurus the Sage
201(1)
Epicurean Philosophy
202(6)
Freedom from Religion
204(2)
Quality versus Quantity
206(1)
Less Is More
207(1)
Friendship
208(1)
The Epicurean Fallacy
208(1)
Commentary
209(4)
Chapter 6 THE STOIC: EPICTETUS AND MARCUS AURELIUS
213(34)
The Cynical Origins of Stoicism
215(3)
The Slave and the Emperor
218(4)
Epictetus: From Slave to Sage
219(1)
Marcus Aurelius: Philosopher-King
220(2)
The Fated Life
222(5)
The Stoic Logos
224(1)
The Disinterested Rational Will
225(2)
Stoic Wisdom
227(10)
Control versus Influence
227(3)
Some Things Are Not in Our Control
230(1)
Some Things Are in Our Control
230(2)
Relationships
232(1)
Everything Has a Price
233(2)
Suffering and Courage
235(2)
Stoicism Today
237(5)
Reality Therapy: William Glasser
237(1)
Rational-Emotive Therapy: Albert Ellis
238(1)
Logotherapy: Viktor E. Frankl
239(1)
Epictetus in Vietnam
240(2)
Commentary
242(2)
Summary of Main Points
244(1)
Study Questions
245(2)
Chapter 7 THE SCHOLAR: THOMAS AQUINAS
247(38)
The God-Centered Universe
249(4)
The Seeds of Change
250(1)
The Need to Reconcile Faith and Reason
251(2)
The Life of Thomas Aquinas
253(5)
The Dominican
253(1)
The University of Paris
254(3)
Albertus Magnus: The Universal Teacher
257(1)
The Task of the Scholar
257(1)
The Wisdom of the Scholar
258(2)
Why Do People Argue About Spiritual Matters?
260(1)
God and Natural Reason
261(1)
Proving the Existence of God
261(9)
The First Way: Motion
262(1)
The Second Way: Cause
263(1)
The Third Way: Necessity
264(1)
The Fourth Way: Degree
265(2)
The Fifth Way: Design
267(1)
Commentary on the Five Ways
268(2)
Complications for Natural Theology
270(4)
The Problem of Evil
271(3)
Commentary
274(1)
Summary of Main Points
275(1)
Study Questions
276(1)
Overview of Modern Themes
277(8)
Reason, Reformation, and Revolution
278(7)
The Reformation
278(2)
The Copernican Revolution
280(3)
Where Are We, Then?
283(2)
Chapter 8 THE RATIONALIST: RENE DESCARTES
285(54)
Rene Descartes: The Solitary Intellect
287(2)
Descartes' Proposal
289(4)
Rationalism
290(1)
Against Authoritarian Thinking
290(3)
The Method of Doubt
293(4)
The Cartesian "I"
294(1)
Methodic Doubt
294(1)
Standard of Truth
295(1)
Innate Ideas
296(1)
The Cartesian Genesis
297(6)
The Doubting Self
297(2)
Maybe It's All a Dream?
299(1)
The Evil Genius
300(2)
Cogito, ergo sum
302(1)
The Innate Idea of God
303(4)
The Perfect Idea of Perfection
304(2)
Reconstructing the World
306(1)
The Cartesian Bridge
307(4)
Cartesian Dualism
308(1)
The Mind-Body Problem
309(2)
The Epistemological Turn
311(1)
Commentary
311(2)
Summary of Main Points
313(1)
Study Questions
314(1)
Third Interlude: The Buddha
315(24)
The Buddha
315(8)
Siddhartha the Seeker
316(1)
The Long Search
317(3)
The Enlightened Vision
320(1)
The Bodhisattva
320(1)
The Death of the Buddha
321(2)
Buddha's Philosophy Lab
323(2)
Unsatisfactoriness
325(2)
Karma
326(1)
The Four Noble Truths
327(1)
The Eightfold Path
328(2)
Buddha Now
330(2)
Buddha's Dharma Family
331(1)
The Buddha's Legacy
332(4)
Five Precepts
333(3)
What the Buddha Did Not Explain
336(3)
Chapter 9 THE SKEPTIC: DAVID HUME
339(41)
John Locke
342(8)
Experience Is the Origin of All Ideas
344(1)
Locke's Rejection of Innate Ideas
344(2)
Locke's Dualism
346(1)
Primary and Secondary Qualities
347(1)
Locke's Egocentric Predicament
348(2)
George Berkeley
350(2)
David Hume: The Scottish Skeptic
352(5)
The Skeptical Masterpiece
353(2)
An Honest Man
355(2)
Hume's Skeptical Empiricism
357(6)
Impressions and Ideas
358(1)
The Empirical Criterion of Meaning
359(1)
The Self
360(1)
Personal Immortality
361(2)
The Limits of Reason
363(2)
The Limits of Science
365(1)
The Limits of Theology
366(3)
The Limits of Rationalistic Ethics
369(6)
The Facts, Just the Facts
371(1)
Moral Sentiments
372(1)
The Limits of Egoism
373(2)
Commentary
375(2)
Summary of Main Points
377(2)
Study Questions
379(1)
Chapter 10 THE UNIVERSALIST: IMMANUEL KANT
380(36)
The Little Professor
383(3)
The Solitary Scholar
383(1)
The Writer
384(2)
Seeds of Revolution
386(1)
From Enlightenment to Despair
386(3)
A Scandal in Philosophy
389(3)
Kant's Copernican Revolution
392(7)
Critical Philosophy
393(1)
Phenomena and Noumena
394(1)
Transcendental Ideas
395(2)
The Objectivity of Experience
397(2)
The Metaphysics of Morals
399(4)
Practical Reason
399(1)
The Moral Law Within
400(1)
The Good Will
401(1)
Inclinations, Wishes, Acts of Will
402(1)
Moral Duty
403(8)
Hypothetical Imperatives
405(1)
The Categorical Imperative
405(4)
The Kingdom of Ends
409(2)
Commentary
411(2)
Summary of Main Points
413(1)
Study Questions
414(2)
Chapter 11 THE MATERIALIST: KARI MARX
416(58)
The Prophet
418(5)
Soaring with the Intellectual Spirit of the Age
418(2)
Back Down to Earth
420(1)
The Wanderer
421(1)
Vindication
422(1)
Friedrich Engels
423(1)
Dialectical Materialism
424(6)
Mystification and Materialism
427(1)
Economic Determinism
428(2)
Critique of Capitalism
430(9)
The Bourgeoisie and the Proletariat
431(6)
Class Struggle
437(2)
Alienation
439(7)
Psychic Alienation
441(2)
One-Dimensional Man
443(2)
Alienated Love
445(1)
Commentary
446(2)
Summary of Main Points
448(1)
Study Questions
449(1)
Fourth Interlude: The Utilitarians
450(24)
Philosophy and Social Reform
451(2)
Simple Utilitarianism
453(4)
The Principle of Utility
454(1)
The Hedonistic Calculus
455(1)
The Egoistic Foundation of Social Concern
456(1)
John Stuart Mill
457(5)
Mill's Crisis
459(1)
Redemption and Balance
460(2)
Refined Utilitarianism
462(4)
Higher Pleasures
463(2)
Lower Pleasures
465(1)
Altruism and Happiness
466(4)
Selfishness and Contentment
468(1)
"A Mind Is a Terrible Thing to Waste"
469(1)
Mill's Vision
470(4)
Chapter 12 THE EXISTENTIALIST: SOREN KIERKEGAARD AND JEAN-PAUL SARTRE
474(39)
Virtual Existence, Virtual Identity
475(2)
Existentialism Was Bound to Happen
477(1)
Soren Kierkegaard
478(5)
The Family Curse
479(1)
The Universal Formula
480(1)
The Christian
481(1)
That Individual
482(1)
Truth as Subjectivity
483(7)
Objectivity as Untruth
485(2)
The Present Age
487(1)
An Age of Virtual Equality
488(2)
Sartre and the Age of Forlornness
490(1)
Jean-Paul Sartre
491(5)
Nausea
492(1)
Existence Is Absurd
493(2)
The Celebrity Philosopher
495(1)
Freedom and Anguish
496(12)
Inauthenticity
497(1)
Forlornness
498(2)
Condemned to Be Free
500(2)
The Self as Project
502(1)
Anguish
503(2)
Despair
505(1)
Optimistic Toughness
506(2)
Commentary
508(2)
Summary of Main Points
510(1)
Study Questions
511(2)
Chapter 13 THE PRAGMATIST: WILLIAM JAMES
513(43)
An American Original
515(5)
The Education of a Philosopher
515(2)
The Philosopher as Hero
517(2)
The Philosopher as Advocate
519(1)
Charles Sanders Peirce
520(2)
Peirce's Pragmaticism
520(1)
Pragmatic Theory of Meaning
521(1)
Pragmatism
522(14)
Pragmatic Method and Philosophy
522(2)
The Temper of Belief
524(2)
The Will to Believe
526(1)
Truth Happens to an Idea
527(3)
The Dilemma of Determinism
530(1)
The Inner Sense of Freedom
531(2)
Morality and the Good
533(2)
The Heroic Life
535(1)
Pragmatic Religion
536(5)
A Religious Dilemma
537(1)
Ultramarginal Life
538(1)
Saintliness and Mysticism
539(2)
Truth Is Always Personal
541(3)
Danger Signs
542(2)
Commentary
544(3)
Summary of Main Points
547(1)
Study Questions
548(1)
Overview of Postmodern Themes
549(7)
What Is Philosophy? (continued)
550(1)
Of Metaphors and Margins
551(2)
Is Objectivity Possible?
553(1)
Is Objectivity Desirable?
553(3)
Chapter 14 THE ANTI-PHILOSOPHER FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE
556(37)
The Outsider
558(8)
Beyond the Academy
559(2)
Tragic Optimism
561(1)
Zarathustra Speaks
561(2)
The Last Philosopher
563(3)
Truth Is a Matter of Perspective
566(1)
Attack on Objectivity
567(1)
The Will to Power
568(2)
The World as the Will to Power
570(1)
The Diseases of Modernity
570(5)
The Problem of Morality
571(1)
The Problem of Being Moralistic
572(1)
The Problem of Utilitarianism
573(1)
The Problem of Altruism
574(1)
The Problem of Generalized Accounts
574(1)
God Is Dead
575(2)
Nihilism
577(1)
Overman
578(2)
Slave Morality
580(4)
Ressentiment
582(2)
Master Morality
584(3)
The Eternal Recurrence
587(1)
Amor Fati
588(1)
Commentary
589(2)
Summary of Main Points
591(1)
Study Questions
592(1)
Chapter 15 EMERGING ARCHETYPES
593(53)
Public and Private Philosophy
595(4)
Can Experiences of Oppression Be Generalized?
597(2)
Toward an Inclusive Feminism
599(2)
The Cartesian Masculinization of Thought
601(5)
Philosophical Reconstruction and Anxiety
602(3)
From Cosmos to Machine
605(1)
The Reemergence of Other Voices
606(2)
A Masculine Theory of Justice
608(1)
Justice and Gender
609(4)
A Look Behind the Veil of Ignorance
611(2)
Philosophizing in a Different Voice
613(4)
The Need for Caring Justice
615(2)
Martin Luther King, Jr.: A Prophet for Today
617
Tracked Down by the Zeitgeist
618
Character Is Destiny
61
Moral Courage
621(8)
The Need to Practice What We Preach
623(3)
"If Not Now, When?"
626(1)
Creative Moral Tension
627(2)
A Prophetic Framework for Today
629(2)
Commentary
631(2)
Summary of Main Points
633(2)
Study Questions
635(1)
Continuative
636(10)
The Unifying Function of Wisdom
638(2)
Philosophy as a Way of Life
640(3)
Philosophical Remembering
641(2)
Let Philosophy Touch Your Heart
643(3)
Notes646(10)
Glossary656(9)
Bibliography of Interesting Sources665(4)
Margin Quote Index669(2)
Index671(10)
Credits681

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