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Applied Behavior Analysis

ISBN: 9780675202237 | 067520223X
Edition: 2nd
Format: Hardcover
Publisher: Prentice Hall
Pub. Date: 1/1/2007

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SummaryTable of Contents
"Applied Behavior Analysis" provides a complete description of the principles and procedures needed to systematically change socially significant behavior and to understand the reasons for that change. This comprehensive text, appropriate for courses in basic principles, applications, and behavioral research methods, helps students, educators, and practitioners appreciate and begin to acquire the conceptual and technical skills necessary to foster socially adaptive behavior in diverse individuals.
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PART ONE INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS
Definition and Characteristics of Applied Behavior Analysis
2(14)
Some Basic Characteristics of Science
3(1)
Defining Characteristics of Applied Behavior Analysis
4(3)
A Brief Outline of the Development of Applied Behavior Analysis
7(6)
Definition of Applied Behavior Analysis
13(1)
Summary
14(2)
Basic Concepts
16(20)
Behavior
17(1)
Environment
18(1)
Respondent Behavior and Respondent Conditioning
19(2)
Operant Behavior and Operant Conditioning
21(4)
Basic Principles and Applied Procedures
25(1)
Kinds of Stimuli That Reinforce and Punish
26(3)
The Three-Term Contingency
29(2)
The Complexity of Human Behavior
31(1)
Obstacles to Control of Behavior in Applied Settings
32(1)
Summary
33(3)
PART TWO SELECTION, DEFINITION, AND MEASUREMENT OF BEHAVIOR CHANGE TARGET
Selecting and Defining Target Behavior
36(23)
Role of Assessment in Applied Behavior Analysis
37(1)
Methods and Issues in Gathering Behavioral Assessment Data
37(5)
Considerations in Selecting a Target Behavior
42(8)
Prioritizing Possible Target Behaviors
50(4)
Defining the Target Behavior
54(2)
Setting Criteria for Behavior Change
56(1)
Summary
57(2)
Measuring and Recording Behavior
59(22)
Direct Measurement of Permanent Products
60(1)
Direct Observational Recording
61(9)
Reporting Data Collected
70(8)
Summary
78(3)
Planning and Directing Observational Procedures
81(25)
Scheduling Continuous and Sample Observations
82(1)
Selecting Times for Observation
82(1)
Establishing the Duration of Observation Sessions
83(1)
Planning Sampling Procedures
84(1)
Observation Codes
85(6)
Interobserver Agreement
91(2)
Establishing Interobserver Agreement
93(4)
Considerations in Using Interobserver Agreement
97(3)
Sources of Influence on the Agreement and Accuracy of Measurement
100(2)
Summary
102(4)
PART THREE EVALUATION AND ANALYSIS OF BEHAVIOR CHANGE
Production and Interpretation of Graphic Data Displays
106(36)
Benefits of Graphic Display of Behavioral Data
108(1)
Line Graphs
109(4)
Other Types of Graphs Used in Applied Behavior Analysis
113(11)
How to Construct Graphs
124(6)
How to Interpret Graps
130(9)
Summary
139(3)
Introduction to Analysis
142(21)
The Scientific Examination of Behavior: Some Basic Conceptions and Assumptions
143(3)
Components of Experimental Design
146(5)
Baseline Data
151(3)
Baseline Logic
154(6)
Summary
160(3)
Reversal and Alternating Treatments Designs
163(32)
Reversal Designs
164(15)
Alternating Treatments Design
179(14)
Summary
193(2)
Multiple Baseline and Changing Criterion Designs
195(32)
Multiple Baseline Design
195(24)
Changing Criterion Design
219(5)
Summary
224(3)
Planning, Replicating, and Evaluating Research in Applied Behavior Analysis
227(27)
Planning Research in Applied Behavior Analysis
227(7)
Internal Validity: Controlling Potential Sources of Confounding in an Experimental Design
234(5)
External Validity: The Role of Replication in Applied Behavior Analysis
239(7)
Evaluating Research in Applied Behavior Analysis
246(5)
Summary
251(3)
PART FOUR INCREASING EXISTING BEHAVIOR
Operant Reinforcement
254(21)
The Role of Genetic Inheritance
255(1)
Definition of Operant Reinforcement
256(1)
Positive Reinforcement
257(2)
Negative Reinforcement
259(2)
Types of Potential Reinforcers
261(3)
Selecting Potential Reinforcers
264(3)
Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Reinforcement
267(4)
Guidelines for Using Reinforcement
271(2)
Summary
273(2)
Schedules of Reinforcement
275(23)
Use of Continuous and Intermittent Reinforcement
276(2)
Basic Intermittent Schedules of Reinforcement
278(1)
Ratio Schedules
279(5)
Interval Schedules
284(4)
Complex Schedules of Reinforcement
288(4)
Adjunctive Behavior
292(2)
Summary
294(4)
PART FIVE STIMULUS CONTROL
Stimulus Control
298(30)
Antecedent Stimuli
299(1)
Stimulus Generalization
300(2)
Development of Stimulus Control with Differential Reinforcement
302(2)
Concept Formation
304(4)
Factors Affecting the Development of Stimulus Control
308(4)
Response and Stimulus Prompts
312(2)
Transfer of Stimulus Control
314(4)
Discriminative and Motivational Functions of Stimuli
318(6)
Summary
324(4)
PART SIX DEVELOPING NEW BEHAVIOR
Behavioral Shaping
328(11)
Definition and Illustration of Behavioral Shaping
329(3)
Behavioral Shaping Across and Within Different Response Topographies
332(1)
Increasing the Efficiency of Behavioral Shaping
333(1)
Guidelines for Selecting and Implementing Behavioral Shaping
334(4)
Summary
338(1)
Behavior Chains
339(26)
Definition of a Behavior Chain
339(2)
Rationale for Using Chains
341(1)
Task Analysis
342(9)
Behavior Chaining Procedures
351(6)
Breaking an Inappropriate Behavior Chain
357(3)
Factors Affecting the Performance of a Behavior Chain
360(3)
Summary
363(2)
Imitation
365(13)
Definition of Imitation
366(3)
Imitation Training for Nonimitative Learners
369(3)
Guidelines for Imitation Training
372(1)
Effective Use of Imitation Training with Already-Existing Imitative Repertoires
373(2)
Considerations
375(1)
Summary
375(3)
PART SEVEN DECREASING BEHAVIOR I: NONPUNISHMENT PROCEDURES
Extinction
378(13)
Definition of Extinction
378(5)
Maintenance of Behavior Change
383(1)
Misuse of Technical Term
383(1)
Extinction Behavior
384(1)
Variables Affecting Resistance to Extinction
385(1)
Guidelines for the Effective Use of Extinction
386(3)
Summary
389(2)
Decreasing Behavior with Differential Reinforcement
391(19)
Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior and Alternative Behavior
392(3)
Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior
395(4)
Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates of Responding
399(5)
Considerations
404(2)
Summary
406(4)
PART EIGHT DECREASING BEHAVIOR II: PUNISHMENT PROCEDURES
Punishment by Contingent Presentation of a Stimulus
410(17)
Definition of Punishment
411(1)
Rationale for Using Punishment
411(2)
Ethical and Legal Considerations
413(5)
A Decision-Making for Using Punishment
418(4)
Methodological Guidelines
422(2)
Undesirable Aspects of Punishment
424(1)
Summary
425(2)
Overcorrection
427(12)
Definition of Overcorrection
428(1)
Rationale and Assumptions for Overcorrection
428(1)
Distinguishing Overcorrection from Other Similar Reductive Approaches
429(1)
Types of Positive Practice Overcorrection
430(1)
Considerations with Overcorrection
431(4)
Guidelines for Using Overcorrection
435(2)
Summary
437(2)
Time Out from Positive Reinforcement
439(15)
Definition of Time Out
440(1)
Distinguishing Extinction and Response Cost from Time Out
440(1)
Nonexclusion Time Out
441(3)
Exclusion Time Out
444(2)
Desirable Aspects of Time Out
446(2)
Using Time Out Effectively in Applied Settings
448(3)
Legal and Ethical Issues of Time Out
451(1)
Summary
452(2)
Response Cost
454(12)
Definition of Response Cost
454(1)
Desirable Aspects of Response Cost
455(4)
Implementing a Response Cost Contingency
459(2)
Criteria for Using Response Cost or Bonus Response Cost
461(1)
Considerations in the Use of Response Cost in Applied Settings
461(1)
Guidelines
462(2)
Summary
464(2)
PART NINE SPECIAL APPLICATIONS
Contingency Contracting
466(20)
Definition and Components of a Contingency Contract
466(3)
Applications of Contingency Contracting
469(7)
Developing Behavioral Contracts
476(1)
Evaluating Contracts
477(4)
Desirable Aspects of Contingency Contracting
481(1)
Considerations in Implementing Contingency Contracts
481(2)
Guidelines for Effective Contracting
483(1)
Summary
484(2)
Token Economy
486(13)
Definition of Token Economy
486(3)
Procedures for Implementing a Token Economy
489(8)
Summary
497(2)
Group-Oriented Contingencies
499(16)
Definition of a Group-Oriented Contingency
500(1)
Rationale
500(1)
Ethical Considerations
501(2)
Classification Schemes for Group-Oriented Contingencies
503(7)
Implementing a Group-Oriented Contingency
510(3)
Summary
513(2)
Self-Management
515(37)
What is Self-Management and Why Is It Important?
515(6)
Self-Management Strategies
521(16)
Teaching Self-Management to Students
537(4)
Theoretical Concerns with Self-Control
541(4)
Guidelines for More Effective Self-Management
545(3)
Summary
548(4)
PART TEN GENERALITY OF BEHAVIOR CHANGE
Promoting the Generality of Behavior Change
552(34)
Generality and the Development of Behavior Change Technology
553(2)
Terminology
555(12)
Planning for the Generality of Behavior Change
567(3)
Strategies for Promoting the Generality of Behavior Change
570(9)
Modifying and Terminating a Successful Intervention to Facilitate Generality
579(3)
Summary
582(4)
PART ELEVEN COMMUNICATION
Communicating the Results of Behavior Change Efforts
586(9)
Sharing Data with Learners
586(2)
Sharing Data with Parents and Guardians
588(1)
Sharing Data with Practitioners
588(1)
Sharing Data with Administrators
589(1)
Sharing Results with the Behavior Analysis Community
589(4)
Criteria for Sharing Data with Others
593(1)
Summary
594(1)
References595(36)
Index of Key Terms631(4)
Name Index635(8)
Subject Index643

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