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| Preface | p. vii |
| Illustrations | p. ix |
| Maps | p. xii |
| The Ancient Middle East | |
| The Early Civilization of Mesopotamia and Egypt | p. 1 |
| Why Mesopotamia? | p. 1 |
| The Agricultural Revolution | p. 3 |
| The State and Urban Revolution | p. 5 |
| Early Mesopotamian History: The Sumerian Period (3100-2000 B.C.) | p. 8 |
| The Egyptian Alternative... MORE | p. 19 |
| An Age of Empires: The Middle East, 2000-1000 B.C. | p. 31 |
| A Time of Turmoil: New Peoples East and West | p. 31 |
| Mesopotamia in the Age of Hammurapi | p. 31 |
| The Hittite Empire | p. 36 |
| The Egyptian Empire | p. 38 |
| Egypt in Decline | p. 46 |
| The Middle East to the Persian Empire | p. 49 |
| The New Peoples of the Middle East | p. 49 |
| The Glory of Assyria and Babylon | p. 56 |
| The Persians | p. 62 |
| Religion and Culture in Israel | p. 68 |
| The Greek World | |
| The Emergence of Greek Civilization | p. 79 |
| Geography and History | p. 79 |
| The Origins of Greek Culture | p. 80 |
| The Minoan and Mycenaean Ages | p. 81 |
| The Mycenaean Age | p. 85 |
| The Dark Ages | p. 90 |
| Out of the Darkness: The Archaic Age | p. 93 |
| The Example of Two Cities: Sparta and Athens | p. 99 |
| Polis Society | p. 102 |
| Culture and Society in the Archaic Age | p. 108 |
| The Wars of the Greeks | p. 121 |
| Persians and Greeks | p. 121 |
| The Military Situation after the Persian Wars | p. 127 |
| The Great War between Athens and Sparta | p. 130 |
| The Hegemony of Sparta and Thebes | p. 137 |
| Classical Athens | p. 141 |
| The Early Classical period (ca. 490-450 B.C.) | p. 141 |
| The Classical Age, Part I (450-430 B.C.) | p. 145 |
| The Later Classical Period (430-338 B.C.) | p. 154 |
| Athenian Society | p. 163 |
| Philip, Alexander, and the Hellenistic World | p. 184 |
| Backward Macedonia Challenges Greece | p. 184 |
| The Genius of Philip | p. 185 |
| The Orator and the King: Demosthenes and Philip | p. 186 |
| Alexander the Great | p. 188 |
| Campaigns in Central Asia (330-323 B.C.) | p. 192 |
| Alexander's Successors | p. 193 |
| The State and Society in the Hellenistic World | p. 195 |
| Hellenistic Society | p. 198 |
| Culture and Religion in the Hellenistic World | p. 204 |
| Greek High Culture Adapts to a New Environment | p. 214 |
| Becoming Greek: Education in the New World | p. 226 |
| The Hellenistic Age: Achievements and Limitations | p. 229 |
| The Roman World | |
| Early Rome | p. 231 |
| The Western Mediterranean and Early Italy | p. 231 |
| The Latins and Early Rome | p. 239 |
| The Republic | p. 242 |
| The Social and Political Achievement of Early Rome: Consensus | p. 249 |
| The Building of an Empire | p. 251 |
| The Growth of Rome in Italy | p. 251 |
| The Punic Wars | p. 261 |
| Roman Territorial Expansion after the Hannibalic War | p. 265 |
| Society and the State in the Roman Republic | p. 270 |
| An Estimate of Roman Society | p. 285 |
| The Transformation of the Roman Republic | p. 287 |
| The Old Order Fades | p. 287 |
| The Gracchan Revolution: Social and Political Context | p. 297 |
| From the Gracchi to Augustus: The Roman Revolution | p. 302 |
| The Fall of the Roman Republic | p. 309 |
| The Roman World from Augustus to the Third-Century Crisis | p. 320 |
| The Reforms of Augustus | p. 320 |
| Rounding Out the Empire | p. 326 |
| The Severan Emperors | p. 332 |
| The Roman Peace | p. 336 |
| Challenge and Response | p. 336 |
| Society and the State in the Empire | p. 338 |
| The Government, the Army, and Society | p. 361 |
| The Empire from the Third-Century Crisis to Justinian | p. 368 |
| The Third-Century Crisis | p. 368 |
| Political Anarchy | p. 370 |
| Diocletian and Constantine | p. 372 |
| The Emperor and the Administration | p. 376 |
| The Army, the Empire, and the Barbarians | p. 380 |
| The Collapse of the Western Empire | p. 382 |
| The Rise of the Byzantine Empire | p. 385 |
| The Transformed Mediterranean | p. 387 |
| History Moves Northward and Eastward | p. 387 |
| The Transformation of the Classical Tradition | p. 390 |
| The Empire and the Church Come to Terms | p. 391 |
| The Christian Way of Life | p. 396 |
| Civilizing the Barbarians | p. 403 |
| Diverging Beliefs | p. 405 |
| Islam and the Transformation of the Mediterranean | p. 406 |
| Religious Legacies | p. 409 |
| Epilogue | p. 411 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |