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Analysis of Vertebrate Structure

by: Hildebrand, Milton; Goslow, George

Analysis of Vertebrate Structure

by: Hildebrand, Milton; Goslow, George

ISBN 13:
9780471295051
ISBN 10:
0471295051
Edition: 5th
Format: Hardcover
Copyright: 03/13/1998
Publisher: Wiley

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Summary

Functional approach to morphology--treatment is unique as to organization, thoroughness, and extent of biomechanical analysis. * Profusely illustrated with high quality original artwork. * Comment boxes evaluate points of controversy and note inadequately understood phenomena.

Introduction

The Nature of Vertebrate Morphology

(20)

Definition, Scope, and Relation to Other Disciplines

(1)

Why Study Vertebrate Morphology?

(1)

Some Principles and Considerations

(15)

General References for the Introduction and Part I and II

(4)

Part I Survey of Vertebrate Animals: The Principal Structural Patterns

Nature, Origin, and Classification of Vertebrates

(12)

Relation of Vertebrates to Nonchordates

(1)

Relation of Vertebrates to Other Chordates

(3)

Origin of Vertebrates

(1)

Classification of the Vertebrates

(5)

References

(2)

Fishes

(16)

Class Agnatha

(4)

Jaw-Bearing Fishes

(1)

Class Placodermi

(3)

Class Chrondrichthyes

(2)

Class Acanthodii

(1)

Class Osteichthyes

(3)

References

(3)

Tetrapods

(18)

Transition to Terrestrial Life

(1)

Class Amphibia

(1)

Class Reptilia

(5)

Class Aves

(2)

Class Mammalia

(4)

References

(5)

Part II The Phylogeny and Ontogeny of Structure: Evolution in Relation to Time and Major Taxa

Early Development

(14)

Embryology and Morphology

(2)

Gametes and Fertilization

(1)

Cleavage

(3)

Gastrulation and Mesoderm Formation

(2)

Neurulation, Neural Crests, and Ectodermal Placodes

(2)

Establishment of the Body Plan and Fate of the Germ Layers

(1)

Fetal Membranes and Placentation

(2)

References

(2)

Integument and Its Derivatives

(20)

Functions of the System

(1)

Development and General Structure of Skin

(1)

General Development of Skin Derivatives

(1)

Integument of Fishes: Emphasis on Dermal Derivatives

(7)

Integument of Tetrapods: Emphasis on Epidermal Derivatives

(9)

Phylogeny?

101

(1)

References

102

(1)

Teeth

103

(10)

Origin and Structure

103

(1)

Development

104

(1)

Attachment and Replacement

105

(2)

Evolution of Teeth

107

(3)

References

110

(3)

Head Skeleton

113

(28)

Importance of the Skeleton to Morphology

113

(1)

More about Hard Tissues

114

(1)

Origin of the Head, and Components of the Head Skeleton

115

(6)

Relations of the Cranial Components

121

(1)

Evolution of the Head Skeleton

122

(15)

Features of the Skull

137

(1)

References

138

(3)

Body Skeleton

141

(28)

Structure and Development of Vertebrae

141

(3)

Evolution of the Spine

144

(5)

Ribs

149

(2)

Sternum

151

(1)

Origin of Appendages

151

(1)

Median Fins

152

(2)

Structure and Evolution of Girdles

154

(3)

Structure and Evolution of Paired Fins

157

(1)

Origin, Evolution, Structure, and Development of Limbs

158

(3)

Structure and Growth of Long Bones

161

(1)

Limb Characteristics

162

(3)

Some Miscellaneous Bones

165

(2)

References

167

(2)

Muscles and Electric Organs

169

(26)

Function and Gross Structure of Muscles

169

(2)

Histology, Contraction, and Physiology

171

(6)

Shortening, Work, Power, and Leverage

177

(1)

Categories of Muscles

178

(2)

Evolution of Muscles

180

(11)

Electric Organs

191

(1)

References

192

(3)

Coelom and Mesenteries

195

(6)

Nature and Function

195

(1)

Development, Evolution, and Recapitulation

196

(3)

References

199

(2)

Digestive System

201

(18)

General Function and Structure

201

(1)

Development of the Gut

202

(1)

Structure, Adaptation, and Evolution

203

(14)

References

217

(2)

Respiratory System and Gas Bladder

219

(20)

General Function and Requirements

219

(1)

Aquatic Gas Exchangers

219

(6)

Ventilation of Internal Gills

225

(1)

Aerial Gas Exchangers

226

(7)

Ventilation of Lungs: Nature, Evolution, and Linkages

233

(3)

References

236

(3)

Circulatory System

239

(32)

General Function and Nature of the System

239

(1)

The Heart

240

(7)

Blood and Blood-Forming Tissues

247

(2)

Blood Vessels

249

(10)

Some Functional Considerations

259

(8)

Evolution of the Lymphatic System

267

(1)

References

268

(3)

Excretory System and Osmoregulation

271

(12)

General Nature and Development of Kidneys

271

(2)

Evolution and Structure of Vertebrate Kidneys

273

(3)

Kidney Structure in Relation to Osmoregulation

276

(4)

Urinary Bladders

280

(1)

References

281

(2)

Reproductive System and Urogenital Ducts

283

(16)

Early Development and Ancestry of Gonads

283

(1)

Structure of Gonads

284

(5)

Urogential Ducts and Accessory Organs

289

(4)

Cloaca and Derivatives

293

(1)

Copulatory Organs

293

(2)

Reproductive Strategies

295

(1)

References

296

(3)

Nervous System: General, Spinal Cord, and Peripheral Nerves

299

(20)

Elements of the Nervous System

300

(4)

Development of Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nerves

304

(1)

Spinal Cord

305

(3)

Evolution of Spinal Nerves

308

(1)

Cranial Nerves

309

(5)

Autonomic System

314

(2)

References

316

(3)

Nervous System: Brain

319

(26)

How the Brain Is Studied

319

(2)

Development of the Brain

321

(2)

More about the Organization of the Brain

323

(1)

Posterior Brainstem: Medulla through Midbrian

324

(4)

Anterior Brainstem: Diencephalon

328

(2)

Cerebellum and Pons

330

(1)

Cerebrum

331

(7)

Circuits, Versatility, and Memory

338

(1)

Evolution of the Brain

338

(4)

Support and Nourishment of the Central Nervous System

342

(2)

References

344

(1)

Sense Organs

345

(24)

Some Miscellaneous Small Receptors

345

(2)

Organs of Chemoreception

347

(3)

Lateral Line System; Electroreception

350

(2)

Ear

352

(6)

Eyes

358

(8)

References

366

(3)

Endocrine Glands

369

(14)

Chemical Mediation

369

(1)

General Nature of Endocrine Glands

369

(1)

Structure, Function, and Evolution of the Glands

370

(8)

Neurosecretion

378

(1)

References

378

(5)

Part III Structural Adaptation: Evolution in Relation to Habit and Habitat

Structural Elements of the Body

383

(22)

Animals as Specialists

383

(1)

Properties of Supportive Materials

384

(3)

Stress and Stress Lines

387

(3)

Use and Design of Structural Elements

390

(6)

Unions of Structural Elements

396

(6)

General References for Part III

402

(1)

References for Chapter 21

403

(2)

Mechanics of Support and Movement

405

(18)

Magnitude and Direction of Forces

405

(4)

Bone-Muscle Systems as Machines

409

(4)

Mechanics of Body Support

413

(4)

Mechanics of Motion

417

(4)

Free-Body Diagrams

421

(1)

References

421

(2)

Form, Function, and Body Size

423

(8)

Proportionate Growth and Surface-to-Volume Ratio

423

(1)

Disproportionate Growth

424

(1)

Allometry

425

(1)

Miniatures and Giants

426

(3)

References

429

(2)

Running and Jumping

431

(24)

Advantages of Speed and Endurance

432

(1)

Cursors, Saltators, and Their Skills

432

(2)

General Requirements of Cursors

434

(1)

Length of Stride

435

(4)

Rate of Stride

439

(2)

Mass, Endurance, and Design for Economy of Effort

441

(4)

Stability and Maneuverability

445

(2)

Gaits

447

(3)

Saltation and Bipedal Running

450

(3)

References

453

(2)

Digging, and Crawling without Appendages

455

(20)

Advantages of Digging

455

(1)

Fossorial Vertebrates

456

(1)

General Requirements of Diggers

457

(2)

Several Ways of Digging

459

(1)

Keeping Dirt out of Mouth, Sense Organs, and Lungs

460

(1)

Maneuvering Underground

461

(1)

Tools for Digging

461

(1)

Design for Large Out-Forces

462

(6)

Resistance to the Force of the Soil on the Body

468

(1)

Transporting and Disposing of Soil

468

(1)

Crawling without Appendages

469

(3)

References

472

(3)

Climbing

475

(18)

Advantages of Climbing

475

(1)

Scansorial Vertebrates

476

(3)

Requirements and Basic Mechanisms of Climbers

479

(3)

Adaptations for Propulsion

482

(5)

Adaptations for Maintaining Contact with the Substrate

487

(3)

References

490

(3)

Swimming and Diving

493

(26)

Advantages of Swimming and Diving

493

(1)

The Skills of Swimmers and Divers

494

(3)

General Requirements of Swimmers and Divers

497

(1)

Drag

497

(4)

Form, Function, and Manner of Propulsion

501

(9)

Control of Vertical Position

510

(1)

Stability, Braking, and Steering

511

(2)

Other Adaptations of Secondary Swimmers

513

(3)

References

516

(3)

Flying and Gliding

519

(28)

Origin and Advantages of Flying and Gliding

519

(1)

Vertebrates That Parachute and Glide

520

(2)

Flyers and Their Skills

522

(3)

General Requirements of Flyers

525

(1)

Mostly about Lift

525

(3)

Drag

528

(1)

Propulsion

529

(8)

Flight Control

537

(3)

Wing Structure

540

(2)

Further Structural Adaptations

542

(3)

References

545

(2)

Energetics and Locomotion

547

(8)

Some Basics

547

(2)

Terrestrial Locomotion

549

(3)

Swimming

552

(1)

Flying

553

(1)

Scaling of Locomotory Cost

553

(1)

References

554

(1)

Feeding

555

(30)

Aquatic Feeding

555

(6)

Cranial Kinesis

561

(2)

Projectile Feeding

563

(4)

Other Means of Securing Food

567

(1)

Food Manipulation and Transport

568

(1)

Adaptations for Eating Soft, Tough Foods

569

(2)

Adaptations for Eating Turgid, Brittle, and Varied Foods

571

(1)

Adaptations for Eating Tough, Fibrous Foods

572

(5)

Other Feeding Adaptations

577

(5)

References

582

(3)

Appendix Anatomical Preparations

585

(12)

Cleaning Skulls and Skeletons

586

(2)

Degreasing

588

(1)

Bleaching

589

(1)

Sectioning Bones and Teeth

589

(1)

Gluing and Mounting

589

(1)

Bone-Ligament Preparations

590

(1)

Bone-Muscle Preparations

590

(1)

Air-Drying Hollow Viscera

591

(1)

Fumigation

592

(1)

Staining Skeletons of Whole Mounts

592

(2)

Other Techniques

594

(1)

References

594

(3)

Glossary

597

(14)

Index

611

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Analysis of Vertebrate Structure

Analysis of Vertebrate Structure

9780471295051

0471295051

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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