9780135179215

Some of the features include: bull; bull;Detailed coverage of charging procedures with information not often found in manufacturer's manuals. This helps the technician perform this critical operation correctly. bull;Heavily illustrated coverage of electrical theory and how it applied to air conditioning systems. Technicians will be better prepared to troubleshoot electrical problems. bull;Emphasis on preventative maintenance. Technicians learn to head off problems before they occur.

Safety on The Job

1

(13)

Personal Safety

2

(1)

Protective Clothing and Equipment

2

(2)

Harmful Substances

4

(1)

Safe Work Practices

5

(4)

Safety When Working with Electricity

9

(1)

Refrigeration Safety

10

(4)

Refrigeration Cycle: How The System Cools

14

(20)

Introduction

14

(1)

Compressor

15

(3)

Condenser

18

(6)

Metering Device

24

(4)

Thermostatic Expansion Value

28

(1)

Capillary Tube and Fixed-Orifice Device

28

(3)

Evaporator

31

(3)

Leak-Detection Procedures

34

(16)

Introduction

34

(1)

Leak Detection

34

(11)

Major Sources of Leaks

45

(1)

Leak-Repair Requirements

46

(1)

Gas Identifiers and Monitors

47

(3)

How to Charge Air-Conditioning Systems

50

(25)

Introduction

50

(1)

Equipment and Instrument Requirements

51

(1)

Supplies and Information

51

(1)

Preparing to Check the Charge

51

(2)

Gaining Access to the Sealed System

53

(9)

Pressure Measurements

62

(2)

Entering the Sealed System

64

(3)

Refrigerant Charging

67

(3)

Liquid Charging

70

(1)

Charge Faster and Safer

71

(1)

Charging the System with Oil

72

(3)

Charging Procedures: Pressure-Temperature Method

75

(13)

Why Learn Proper Charging Techniques?

75

(1)

Safety First

76

(1)

Pressure-Temperature Method of Checking a Charge

77

(1)

Assumptions

77

(8)

Charging Examples Using the Pressure-Temperature Method

85

(3)

Charging Procedures: Superheat Methods

88

(14)

Chapter Overview

88

(1)

Definition of Superheat

88

(1)

What You Will Need to Start the Charging Procedure

89

(1)

Suction-Superheat Method of Checking a Charge

90

(3)

Suction Superheat

93

(4)

Discharge-Superheat Method of Checking a Charge

97

(3)

Discharge-Line Temperature

100

(2)

Charging Procedures: Subcooling, Amperage Draw, and Manufacturing Recommendations

102

(12)

Subcooling Charging Method

102

(2)

What Subcooling Tells Us About the System

104

(1)

High-System Subcooling

105

(1)

Low-System Subcooling

105

(1)

Amperage-Draw Method

106

(3)

Manufacturer's Charging Recommendations

109

(5)

Temperature-Difference, Sight-Glass, and Sweatback Methods

114

(9)

Introduction

114

(1)

Temperature-Difference Method

114

(4)

Sight-Glass Method

118

(3)

Sweatback Method

121

(2)

Weigh-In, Frostback, and Approach Charging Methods

123

(17)

Introduction

123

(1)

Weigh-in Charging Method

123

(2)

Digital Scale

125

(2)

Charging Cylinder

127

(2)

Frostback Method

129

(5)

Approach Charging Method

134

(1)

HVAC Charging Checklist

135

(5)

Troubleshooting Air-Conditioning Systems

140

(7)

Introduction

140

(1)

Types of System Troubleshooting

140

(1)

Where to Start?

141

(4)

Quick Checks

145

(1)

Operator Error

145

(1)

Troubleshooting Process

145

(2)

MECHANICAL TROUBLESHOOTING-----PART ONE

147

(13)

Safety

147

(1)

General Information

147

(1)

Problem Analysis

148

(1)

Air-System Problems

148

(2)

Refrigeration-System Problems

150

(1)

Analyzing Problems

151

(9)

MECHANICAL TROUBLESHOOTING-----PART TWO

160

(15)

Overview

160

(1)

Mechanical Refrigeration Troubleshooting

160

(2)

Troubleshooting the Compressor

162

(3)

Analysis of a Dead Compressor

165

(1)

Troubleshooting Evaporators and Condensers

165

(3)

Troubleshooting Metering Devices

168

(7)

MECHANICAL TROUBLESHOOTING-----PART THREE

175

(15)

Introduction

175

(1)

Basic Refrigeration-Side Problems

175

(5)

Advanced Troubleshooting

180

(10)

The Electrical Side of Air Conditioning

190

(24)

Introduction

190

(1)

Complete Electrical Circuit

190

(6)

Using the Ohm's and Watts Pie Charts

196

(6)

Electric Meters

202

(12)

Troubleshooting Electrical Components

214

(44)

Introduction

214

(1)

Technician Tools: Digital versus Analog Multimeters

214

(2)

Control Transformers

216

(1)

Volt-Ampere Rating

217

(1)

Troubleshooting Control Transformers

218

(5)

Troubleshooting Capacitors

223

(8)

Troubleshooting Contactors and General Relays

231

(9)

Troubleshooting Compressors

240

(18)

Understanding Electrial Diagrams

258

(21)

Introduction

258

(1)

Electrical Symbols

259

(1)

Defining Circuit Types

259

(7)

Types of Electrical Diagrams

266

(6)

Drawing an Electrical Diagram

272

(7)

Troubleshooting Electrical Diagrams

279

(19)

Introduction to Using Electrical Diagrams as Troubleshooting Tools

279

(1)

Electrical Troubleshooting

280

(4)

Other Troubleshooting Methods

284

(9)

Troubleshooting a Wiring Diagram

293

(5)

Preventive Maintenance

298

(20)

Preventive Maintenance versus Emergency Service

298

(1)

Scheduling Preventive Maintenance

299

(1)

Maintenance Contracts

299

(1)

Measurement and Analysis

300

(1)

Preventive Maintenance Routines

301

(2)

Ultimate Spring Tune-Up

303

(1)

Preventive Maintenance Report

304

(10)

Preventive Maintenance Options

314

(4)

HVAC/R Industry Certification

318

(21)

Industry Certification

318

(1)

Industry Competency Exam for Students

319

(1)

ICE Practice Questions

319

(2)

Experienced Technician Certification Program

321

(2)

General Practice Questions

323

(6)

Specific Sector Practice Examinations

329

(8)

Appliance Certification

337

(2)

Appendix Useful Formulas, Conversions, and Common Abbreviations

339

(6)

Glossary

345

(10)

Index

355

What is included with this book?

The New copy of this book will include any supplemental materials advertised. Please check the title of the book to determine if it should include any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.

The Used, Rental and eBook copies of this book are not guaranteed to include any supplemental materials. Typically, only the book itself is included. This is true even if the title states it includes any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.

PREFACE Much of the information in this textbook is based on the Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI) Curriculum Guide. The curriculum guide was developed by leaders of the air-conditioning industry to act as a standard of what entry-level air-conditioning technicians should know when they enter the field. The ARI Curriculum Guide is a compilation of many labor-hours of serious discussion and thought about what to expect of an entry-level technician. This book addresses many of these important points. The title, Air Conditioning Systems: Principles, Equipment, and Serviceprepares the reader for the book''s content. The focus on the book is on air-conditioning systems and the components that make up these systems. The text discusses how the system and system components operate as a cooling unit. Another emphasis of the book is to provide information that will be useful to the service technician and suggest ways to maintain, service, and troubleshoot air-conditioning equipment. There are many practical and useful ideas in the chapters that follow. Our goal is to provide theoretical and practical information to the entry-level technician. The practical information could be used to design laboratory activities. Generally, educators and the air-conditioning industry are advocates of competency-based education. Competency-based education means that students exhibit their learned skills in several different ways. The student should be able to write or draw an explanation of how something in an air-conditioning system operates. For example, the student should be able to draw the basic refrigeration cycle and list all the entering and leaving conditions of each of the four major components. In addition, he or she should be able to exhibit his or her practical knowledge of an air-conditioning system. Practical knowledge is tested by having the student identify the four major components of an active air-conditioning system and measure the pressures and temperatures entering and leaving each of these components. The critical part of competency-based education is being able to exhibit to the instructor that the student can do basic field-related work. Competency needs to be displayed on an ongoing basis throughout a student''s coursework. Most students can do a lab activity correctly one time. The problem with doing it one time is that the behavior is not repeated, so it is quickly forgotten. For example, when describing charging procedures, the text begins with the basic pressure-temperature method of charging. It builds on this charging procedure by adding other methods, such as checking superheat, subcooling, and amperage. Each time a new charging procedure is introduced, students use previously learned charging methods along with the newly learned charging skill. This builds on the charging procedures and reinforces the charging methods previously learned. Students will retain this knowledge when they demonstrate repetitive skilled behavior. In any event, repeating the exercises correctly several times during a course will commit the behavior to memory and it will become second nature. This book was written to supplement and advance skills of the entry-level student. It is not intended to be a textbook for first-semester students unless they are enrolled in other basic coursework. The user of this textbook should have a basic knowledge of the refrigeration cycle, basic skills in electrical troubleshooting, and an understanding of the uses of the multimeter. Students should have already taken an air-conditioning course that included basic laboratory activities. The sooner students place this information into practice, the sooner they will develop habits that are important for a professional career in air conditioning. Chapters include extensive coverage of charging airconditioning systems and refrigerant and electrical troubleshooting procedures. The troubleshooting section includes both component diagnostics and system diagnostics. The book includes important chapters on safety and the refrigeration cycle. Preventive maintenance is a big part of equipment longevity. The chapter on preventive maintenance is extensive and can be used as a guide for servicing. The chapter on industry certification explains the different options available to the entry-level technician and the experienced professional. The student''s success is the most important objective of the writer and reviewers. Information must be placed into practice for it to be useful and retained. This is a useful source of technician knowledge in the classroom and in the air-conditioning field. Enjoy your learning journey. As long as you are in air-conditioning technology, you will always be learning something new. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank all those who were instrumental in facilitating the completing of this book, starting with my wife, Martha, who has always been supportive of my many ventures over the many years of our marriage. Leslie Sandler of ARI encouraged me to write this book and set up the contacts to begin this journey. In the 1970s, my start in air conditioning began with Walter Hunt at the Gulf Coast Community Services, Houston, Texas, energy conservation program. Next, my knowledge and experience expanded while working under the supervision of Barby Barbara at the Texas Energy Extension Services at the University of Houston. My career diversified with employment at the City of Houston, Texas. While working for the City of Houston, I was exposed to commercial energy conservation, HVAC/R maintenance, and air-conditioning inspections. Guy Ellyson, Chief HVAC Inspector for the City of Houston, motivated me to learn more about the air-conditioning trade. Next, Larry Giroux, chief trainer of AES Houston, became a driving force behind my knowledge of the trade. For the past eighteen years I have learned from Larry and bothered him with problems and concerns I have had regarding air-conditioning systems and instructional delivery methods used to train technicians. He is a mentor to me. My current employer, Lee College, has been a supporter of this project by allowing me the opportunity to write and learn during the summer. Allowing me free rein of an air-conditioning training program has taught me much. Lee College encourages writing as a way of growth and professional development. I must thank all my students who keep me challenged. Many of their mistakes have been shared in this book so as not be repeated by new students. I have learned much from my students. They are creative in ways of getting things done while maintaining a professional sense about their work in the classroom and in the laboratory. I would be remiss if I did not thank Prentice Hall editor Ed Francis for his guidance on this long project. I must give a special thanks for the final editing done by Linda Thompson, and the project management skills of Lisa Garboski of bookworks. They really "cleansed" the material and molded it into the professional document that you see. These women know their air conditioning grammar, or at least they have me fooled. I must also thank Larry Jeffus of Eastfield College, a prolific author himself, for sharing his experiences and advice as an author. Finally, I must thank all those organizations, companies, and corporations that contributed and allowed me to use their material in this book. This was one of the most difficult tasks on the road to developing this textbook. Gathering appropriate materials and gaining approval for their use was a monumental effort. The completion of this book would have been impossible without their help.

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Air Conditioning Systems Principles, Equipment, and Service

Air Conditioning Systems Principles, Equipment, and Service

0135179211

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