Rent 9780763773151 | AIDS : Science and Society

Summary Table of Contents

AIDS: Science and Society, Sixth Edition provides readers with the most current information available on the biology of the virus and the impact it has on society. The Sixth Edition of this best-selling text provides readers with a solid overview of AIDS from both a biomedical and a psychosocial perspective. The authors cover the molecular and cellular aspects of the virus and the immune system's response to it, and examine epidemiology and its role in understanding HIV and AIDS. The use of understandable vocabulary and clear illustrations, alo... MORE

Preface	p. xiii
Introduction: An Overview of AIDS	p. 1
AIDS in Brief	p. 1
The AIDS Epidemic	p. 2
Concepts of Infectious Disease and a History of Epidemics	p. 5
Factors That Affect the Spread of Epidemics	p. 6
Host and Virus Populations	p. 6
The Transmission Rate	p. 7
Population Densities and Infections	p. 8
C... MOREhronic Infections	p. 9
Controlling Infectious Diseases	p. 10
A History of Epidemics	p. 11
The Old World	p. 11
The New World	p. 12
Modern Concepts of Infectious Disease and Koch's Postulates	p. 13
Epidemics in Modern Times	p. 14
Syphilis: The Social Problems with a Sexually Transmitted Disease	p. 15
The Immune System	p. 17
Blood	p. 17
Cells of the Blood	p. 20
The Lymphatic Circulation	p. 24
B-Cells and Humoral Immunity: The Generation of Antibodies	p. 26
Antibodies	p. 26
How Does the Immune System Respond to New Antigens?	p. 27
Vaccines	p. 33
Tolerance	p. 33
A Summary of the Humoral Immune System	p. 33
T-Cells and Cell-Mediated Immunity	p. 34
T_killer Lymphocytes	p. 34
T_helper Lymphocytes	p. 36
T-Lymphocyte Recognition of Antigen-Containing Cells	p. 38
Virology and HIV	p. 41
A General Introduction to Viruses	p. 41
What Are Viruses?	p. 42
How Does a Virus Infect a Host?	p. 43
A Typical Virus Infection Cycle	p. 45
How Do We Treat Viral Infections?	p. 47
The Life Cycle of a Retrovirus	p. 48
The AIDS Virus: HIV	p. 51
Features of HIV	p. 52
The Effects of HIV Infection in Individuals	p. 55
The HIV Antibody Test	p. 58
Potential Problems with the HIV Antibody Test	p. 60
Testing for the Level of Circulating HIV	p. 61
How Does HIV Evade the Immune System?	p. 61
Azidothymidine (AZT): The First Effective Drug Treatment in HIV/AIDS	p. 62
Limitations of AZT	p. 63
Protease Inhibitors: Another Class of Drugs Against HIV	p. 64
Where Did HIV Come From?	p. 66
Clinical Manifestations and Treatment of AIDS	p. 67
Exposure, Infection, and Disease	p. 68
Exposure Versus Infection	p. 68
Infection Versus Disease	p. 69
HIV Infection in Untreated Individuals	p. 69
Primary Infection and the Asymptomatic Period	p. 69
Initial Disease Symptoms	p. 72
Damage to the Immune System and Full-Blown AIDS	p. 74
High Turnover of T_helper Cells in AIDS Patients	p. 86
Antiviral Drugs for HIV	p. 87
Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors	p. 87
Protease Inhibitors	p. 90
Integrase Inhibitors	p. 90
Fusion Inhibitors	p. 90
Clinical Management of HIV-infected Individuals	p. 91
Monitoring Infection and Disease	p. 91
Antiretroviral Therapy	p. 92
Limitations and Uncertainties in ART Therapies	p. 93
Timing the Initiation of ART	p. 95
Prophylaxis for Opportunistic Infections	p. 96
Epidemiology and AIDS	p. 97
An Overview of Epidemiology and AIDS	p. 98
Basic Concepts in Epidemiology	p. 99
Descriptive Studies	p. 100
Analytical Studies	p. 102
Correlations	p. 103
Criteria for a Causal Relationship	p. 104
Epidemiology and AIDS in the United States	p. 105
The Current Picture of AIDS in the United States	p. 105
Epidemiology and Modes of HIV Transmission	p. 108
Likelihood of Progression to AIDS	p. 111
The Effectiveness of AZT	p. 111
The Changing Face of AIDS	p. 112
AIDS Around the World	p. 114
AIDS in Africa	p. 115
AIDS in Asia	p. 118
New Areas of Rapid Spread	p. 119
HIV Subgroups and Clades	p. 119
Modes of HIV Transmission and Personal Risk Factors	p. 121
Biological Bases of HIV Transmission	p. 122
Sources of Infectious HIV	p. 123
Stability of HIV	p. 124
Targets for HIV Infection	p. 124
Modes of HIV Transmission	p. 125
Activities Not Associated with HIV Transmission: Casual Contact	p. 125
Activities Associated with HIV Transmission: Birth, Blood, and Sex	p. 126
Individual Assessments of HIV Risk	p. 135
Introduction to Individual Decision Making and Action	p. 135
Risk Assessment	p. 136
Normative Model	p. 138
Subjective Probability Model	p. 139
HIV Testing and Risk Assessment	p. 147
Nature and Accuracy of the HIV Test	p. 147
Testing Context: HIV Counseling as Part of the HIV Test	p. 149
Testing Options	p. 150
Prevention of AIDS	p. 153
Disease Prevention and Health Promotion	p. 154
Models of Health Behavior Change	p. 154
Health Belief Model	p. 154
Health Decision Model	p. 156
Precaution-Adoption Process Model	p. 156
Principles of Health Behavior Change	p. 157
The Cognitive Principle	p. 158
The Emotional Principle	p. 158
The Behavioral Principle	p. 159
The Interpersonal Principle	p. 159
The Social Ecological Principle	p. 160
The Structural Principle	p. 161
The Scientific Principle	p. 162
Examples of HIV/AIDS Prevention Programs	p. 163
AIDS Prevention Among Young Gay and Bisexual Men	p. 163
AIDS Prevention Among Mexican Migrant Farm Workers	p. 165
Living with AIDS: Human Dimensions	p. 171
Theoretical Perspectives from Social Psychology	p. 172
Role Theories	p. 172
Cognitive Theories	p. 174
Human Dimensions of HIV/AIDS	p. 177
Confronting the News of Infection	p. 177
Accepting the Reality of Infection	p. 180
Opportunities and Challenges of Drug Therapies	p. 186
Living with AIDS: Societal Dimensions	p. 189
Theoretical Concepts	p. 190
Prejudice	p. 190
Discrimination	p. 192
Societal Dimensions of HIV/AIDS	p. 194
Needle Exchange for Injection Drug Users	p. 194
HIV Prevention for Teens	p. 196
Healthcare Practices	p. 197
Future Directions in Combating AIDS	p. 201
Future Directions for Biomedical Efforts	p. 201
Prevention of Infection	p. 201
Treatment of Infected Individuals	p. 205
Future Directions for Social Efforts	p. 211
Education	p. 211
Research	p. 213
A Final Note of Optimism: Time Is on Our Side	p. 214
Glossary	p. 219
Appendix: Reference Resources	p. 229
Index	p. 231
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