Preface xi

1 Introduction to Propulsion Systems 1

1.1 Conservation of Momentum 7

1.2 Conservation of Energy (the First Law of Thermodynamics) and Other Thermodynamic Relationships 10

1.3 One-Dimensional Gas Dynamics 13

1.4 Heat Transfer 14

1.5 Standard Atmospheric Air Properties 15

1.6 Unit Conversion 17

1.7 Problems 20

Bibliography 20

2 Principle of Thrust 21

2.1 Thrust Configurations 21

2.2 Thrust Equation 23

2.3 Basic Engine Performance Parameters 28

2.4 Propulsion and Aircraft Performance 34

2.5 Propeller Propulsion 38

2.6 MATLAB1 Program 39

2.7 Problems 40

Bibliography 42

3 Basic Analyses of Gas-Turbine Engines 43

3.1 Introduction 43

3.2 Gas-Turbine Engine as a Power Cycle (Brayton Cycle) 43

3.3 Ideal-Cycle Analysis for Turbofan Engines 49

3.4 Turbojets, Afterburners and Ramjets 61

3.5 Further Uses of Basic Engine Analysis 73

3.6 MATLAB1 Program 76

3.7 Problems 77

Bibliography 79

4 Gas-Turbine Components: Inlets and Nozzles 81

4.1 Gas-Turbine Inlets 81

4.2 Subsonic Diffuser Operation 82

4.3 Supersonic Inlet Operation 91

4.4 Gas-Turbine Nozzles 95

4.5 Problems 98

Bibliography 99

5 Compressors and Turbines 101

5.1 Introduction 101

5.2 Basic Compressor Aero-Thermodynamics 103

5.3 Radial Variations in Compressors 115

5.4 Preliminary Compressor Analysis/Design 119

5.5 Centrifugal Compressors 120

5.6 Turbine 123

5.7 MATLAB1 Programs 129

5.8 Problems 131

Bibliography 133

6 Combustors and Afterburners 135

6.1 Combustion Chambers 135

6.2 Jet Fuels and Heating Values 137

6.3 Fluid Mixing in the Combustor 141

6.4 Afterburners 149

6.5 Combustor Heat Transfer 152

6.6 Stagnation Pressure Loss in Combustors 153

6.7 Problems 155

Bibliography 157

7 Gas-Turbine Analysis with Efficiency Terms 159

7.1 Introduction 159

7.2 Turbofan Engine Analysis with Efficiency Terms 160

7.3 MATLAB1 Program 172

7.4 Problems 174

Bibliography 175

8 Basics of Rocket Propulsion 177

8.1 Introduction 177

8.2 Basic Rocketry 182

8.3 MATLAB1 Programs 189

8.4 Problems 190

Bibliography 191

9 Rocket Propulsion and Mission Analysis 193

9.1 Introduction 193

9.2 Trajectory Calculations 195

9.3 Rocket Maneuvers 203

9.4 Missile Pursuit Algorithms and Thrust Requirements 209

9.5 Problems 213

Bibliography 215

10 Chemical Rockets 217

10.1 Rocket Thrust 217

10.2 Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines 220

10.3 Solid Propellant Combustion 244

10.4 Rocket Nozzles 252

10.5 MATLAB1 Program 256

10.6 Problems 256

Bibliography 258

11 Non-Chemical Rockets 259

11.1 Electrothermal Devices 261

11.2 Ion Thrusters 265

11.3 Problems 280

Bibliography 282

Appendices 283

Appendix A: Standard Atmospheric Air Properties 283

Appendix B: Specific Heats for Air as a Function of Temperature 286

Appendix C: Normal Shock Properties 287

Appendix D: Oblique Shock Angle Chart 291

Appendix E: Polynomial Coefficients for Specific Heat of Selected Gases 292

Appendix F: Standard state Gibbs free energy 293

Index 295

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