Rent 9780205193790 | Advocacy and Opposition : An Introduction to Argumentation | Karyn C. Rybacki; Donald J. Rybacki @knetbooks.com

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xi
What Is Argumentation?	p. 1
The Nature of Argumentation	p. 2
The Nature of the Audience	p. 5
The Historical Development of Argumentation	p. 6
Ethical Standards for Argumentation	p. 14
Clarity	p. 17
Honesty	p. 17
Efficiency	p. 18
Relevance	p. 18
Discourse Ethics	p... MORE. 19
Suggested Supplementary Readings	p. 21
References	p. 22
Where Do I Begin in Argumentation?	p. 24
Fields of Argumentation	p. 25
Presumption	p. 26
Burden of Proof	p. 31
The Prima Facie Case	p. 32
Suggested Supplementary Readings	p. 36
References	p. 37
What Am I Going to Argue About?	p. 38
The Nature of Propositions	p. 38
Selecting Terms for Definition	p. 39
Specifying Direction of Change	p. 40
Identifying Key Issues	p. 42
The Classification of Propositions	p. 45
Propositions of Fact	p. 46
Propositions of Value	p. 47
Propositions of Policy	p. 48
Phrasing the Proposition	p. 49
Defining the Key Terms	p. 51
Rules of Definition	p. 51
Terms Needing Definition	p. 53
How to Define Terms	p. 54
Suggested Supplementary Readings	p. 56
References	p. 57
How Do I Analyze Propositions?	p. 58
Locating the Immediate Cause	p. 58
Immediate Cause in Factual Propositions	p. 59
Immediate Cause in Value Propositions	p. 59
Immediate Cause in Policy Propositions	p. 60
Investigating the History	p. 60
Historical Background in Factual Propositions	p. 60
Historical Background in Value Propositions	p. 61
Historical Background in Policy Propositions	p. 62
Defining Key Terms and Creating the Primary Inference	p. 63
Key Terms in Factual Propositions	p. 65
Key Terms in Value Propositions	p. 66
Key Terms in Policy Propositions	p. 66
Determining the Issues	p. 67
Stock Issues for Factual Propositions	p. 68
Stock Issues for Value Propositions	p. 68
Stock Issues for Policy Propositions	p. 71
Suggested Supplementary Readings	p. 73
References	p. 73
How Is a Unit of Argument Created?	p. 74
The Toulmin Model of Argument	p. 74
Claims	p. 75
Grounds	p. 79
Warrant	p. 83
Backing	p. 86
Qualifiers	p. 86
Rebuttals	p. 88
Simple, Chain, and Cluster Arguments	p. 89
Suggested Supplementary Readings	p. 91
References	p. 91
How Do I Prove My Argument?	p. 92
The Discovery of Evidence	p. 92
Subject Heading Searches	p. 95
Books	p. 96
Periodicals	p. 97
Newspapers	p. 98
Government Documents	p. 99
Fact Books, Encyclopedias, and Other Printed Resources	p. 100
Types and Tests of Evidence	p. 101
Evidence of Fact	p. 102
Evidence from Opinion	p. 112
Recording Evidence	p. 116
Suggested Supplementary Readings	p. 118
References	p. 120
How Do I Reason with My Audience?	p. 121
Argument from Cause	p. 122
Argument from Sign	p. 125
Argument from Generalization	p. 128
Argument from Parallel Case	p. 130
Argument from Analogy	p. 133
Argument from Authority	p. 135
Argument from Dilemma	p. 138
Suggested Supplementary Readings	p. 140
References	p. 140
What Should I Avoid?	p. 142
Fallacies in Reasoning	p. 142
Hasty Generalization	p. 142
Transfer	p. 143
Irrelevant Arguments	p. 146
Circular Reasoning	p. 147
Avoiding the Issue	p. 148
Forcing a Dichotomy	p. 151
Fallacies of Appeal	p. 152
Appeal to Ignorance	p. 153
Appeal to the People	p. 154
Appeal to Emotion	p. 154
Appeal to Authority	p. 155
Appeal to Tradition	p. 156
Appeal to Humor	p. 158
Fallacies of Language	p. 159
Ambiguity and Equivocation	p. 159
Emotionally Loaded Language	p. 161
Technical Jargon	p. 161
Suggested Supplementary Readings	p. 162
References	p. 163
How Are Factual Propositions Argued?	p. 164
Advocating Propositions of Fact	p. 166
Building the Prima Facie Case	p. 168
Preempting Opposing Arguments	p. 169
Argument in Action	p. 170
Opposing Propositions of Fact	p. 174
Evaluating the Primary Inference	p. 174
Using Presumption to Dispute the Primary Inference	p. 175
Refuting by Denial and Extenuation	p. 175
Responding to Preemptive Arguments	p. 176
Argument in Action	p. 177
Suggested Supplementary Readings	p. 181
References	p. 182
How Are Value Propositions Argued?	p. 183
Values in Conflict	p. 184
Value Change	p. 185
Values and Culture	p. 186
Advocating Propositions of Value	p. 192
Defining the Value Object	p. 193
Identifying the Hierarchy	p. 193
Specifying the Criteria	p. 194
Measuring the Value Object	p. 196
Argument in Action	p. 198
Opposing Propositions of Value	p. 200
Establishing Strategy	p. 201
Examining Definitions and Hierarchy	p. 201
Challenging the Criteria	p. 202
Refuting the Measurement	p. 203
Argument in Action	p. 203
Suggested Supplementary Readings	p. 205
References	p. 206
How Are Policy Propositions Argued?	p. 208
Advocating Propositions of Policy	p. 209
Advocacy of the First Stock Issue	p. 211
Advocacy of the Second Stock Issue	p. 212
Advocacy of the Third Stock Issue	p. 213
Argument in Action	p. 215
Opposing Propositions of Policy	p. 219
Establish Strategy	p. 220
Examine Definitions	p. 220
Refute the Reason for Change	p. 221
Refute the Consequences of Change	p. 222
Offer a Counterproposal	p. 225
Argument in Action	p. 226
Suggested Supplementary Readings	p. 231
References	p. 231
How Do I Present My Arguments to an Audience?	p. 232
Audience Analysis	p. 233
The General Audience	p. 233
The Actual Audience	p. 233
Language Choice and Style	p. 235
Words as Symbols	p. 235
The Elements of Style	p. 236
Introductions, Transitions, and Conclusions	p. 239
Delivery Techniques	p. 240
Use of Voice	p. 240
Use of Body	p. 242
Use of Visual Aids	p. 243
Building Credibility with an Audience	p. 244
External Credibility	p. 244
Internal Credibility	p. 245
Managing Your Credibility	p. 245
Suggested Supplementary Readings	p. 247
References	p. 247
What Are the Rules of the Game?	p. 249
Debate Formats	p. 249
Speaker Responsibilities	p. 251
Burden of Clash	p. 254
Cross-Examination	p. 254
Flow Sheeting	p. 256
How Do I Write an Argumentative Brief?	p. 258
References	p. 261
Glossary	p. 263
Index	p. 267
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